Friday, August 14, 2009

Children Learn What They Live




Ada kata-kata bijak Dorothy Law Nolte tentang Anak. Orang jawa bilang Kacang Mongso Ninggal Lanjare atau Air Cucuran jatuhnya ke Pelimbahannya Juga. Coba renungkan kira-kira Anda hasil didikan yang mana?

If children live with criticism, they learn to condemn.
If children live with hostility, they learn to fight.
If children live with fear, they learn to be apprehensive.
If children live with pity, they learn to feel sorry for themselves.
If children live with ridicule, they learn to feel shy.
If children live with jealousy, they learn to feel envy.
If children live with shame, they learn to feel guilty.
If children live with encouragement, they learn confidence.
If children live with tolerance, they learn patience.
If children live with praise, they learn appreciation.
If children live with acceptance, they learn to love.
If children live with approval, they learn to like themselves.
If children live with recognition, they learn it is good to have a goal.
If children live with sharing, they learn generosity.
If children live with honesty, they learn truthfulness.
If children live with fairness, they learn justice.
If children live with kindness and consideration, they learn respect.
If children live with security, they learn to have faith in themselves and in those about them.
If children live with friendliness, they learn the world is a nice place in which to live.

Di Indonesia, hanya sebagian yang biasanya diterjemahkan. Misal,

Jika anak dibesarkan dengan celaan, ia belajar memaki.
JIka anak dibesarkan dengan permusuhan, ia belajar berkelahi.
Jika anak dibesarkan dengan cemoohan, ia belajar rendah diri.
Jika anak dibesarkan dengan penghinaan, ia belajar menyesali diri.
Jika anak dibesarkan dengan toleransi, ia belajar menahan diri.
Jika anak dibesarkan dengan dorongan, ia belajar percaya diri.
Jika anak dibesarkan dengan pujian, ia belajar menghargai.
Jika anak dibesarkan dengan sebaik-baiknya perlakuan, ia belajar keadilan.
Jika anak dibesarkan dengan dukungan, ia belajar menyenangi dirinya.
Jika anak dibesarkan dengan kasih sayang dan persahabatan, ia belajar menemukan cinta dalam kehidupan.

Dorothy Law Nolte, Ph.D. is a lifelong teacher and lecturer on family life education, and is the author of the poem "Children Learn What They Live," which has been translated into 20 languages and is used the world over by parents and educators. The mother of three, grandmother of three, and great grandmother of five, she lives and works in southern California.

Family life educator whose poem, entitled "Children Learn What They Live," became a child-rearing anthem that parents posted on refrigerators around the world. It has been reprinted in 30 languages. Nolte later wrote a book based on the poem and the book Teenagers Learn What They Live (2002). She died of cancer in Rancho Santa Margarita, California on November 6, 2005.

Books:
Teenagers Learn What They Live
Children Learn What They Live

Wednesday, August 12, 2009

Puisi Kahlil Gibran tentang Anak




Puisi Kahlil Gibran tentang Anak, yang berjudul Your children are not your children, sangat terkenal. Puisi ini mengajarkan dan menyadarkan kepada para orang tua bahwa anak seharusnya tidak disetir sesuai kemauan orang tua, apalagi dengan tangan besi. Paling tidak, harus ada ruang kebebasan bagi anak untuk menentukan nasibnya sendiri. Orang tua hanyalah sebagai fasilitator.

Your children are not your children

They are the sons and daughters of Life’s longing for itself.
They come through you but not from you,
And though they are with you yet they belong not to you.

You may give them your love but not your thoughts,
For they have their own thoughts.
You may house their bodies but not their souls,
For their souls dwell in the house of tomorrow,
which you cannot visit, not even in your dreams.

You may strive to be like them,
but seek not to make them like you.
For life goes not backward nor tarries with yesterday.

You are the bows from which your children
as living arrows are sent forth.
The archer sees the mark upon the path of the infinite,
and He bends you with His might
that His arrows may go swift and far.

Let our bending in the archer’s hand be for gladness;
For even as He loves the arrow that flies,
so He loves also the bow that is stable.

Terjemahan:


ANAKMU bukan anakmu!


“Anak adalah kehidupan, mereka sekedar lahir
melaluimu tetapi bukan berasal darimu.
Walaupun bersamamu tetapi bukan milikmu,
curahkan kasih sayang tetapi bukan memaksakan pikiranmu
karena mereka dikaruniai pikirannya sendiri.

Berikan rumah untuk raganya, tetapi tidak jiwanya, karena
jiwanya milik masa mendatang, yang tak bisa kau datangi
bahkan dalam mimpi sekalipun.

Bisa saja mereka mirip dirimu, tetapi jangan pernah
menuntut mereka jadi seperti sepertimu.
Sebab kehidupan itu menuju ke depan, dan
tidak tenggelam di masa lampau.

Kaulah busur, dan anak-anakmulah anak panah yang melucur.
Sang Pemanah mahatahu sasaran bidikan keabadian.
Dia menentangmu dengan kekuasaanNya,
Hingga anak panah itu melesat, jauh serta cepat.

Meliuklah dengan suka cita dalam rentangan tangan Sang Pemanah,
Sebab Dia mengasihi anak-anak panah yang melesat laksana kilat
Sebagaimana pula dikasihi-Nya busur yang mantap”.

Kahlil Gibran:

Kahlil Gibran (juga dieja Khalil Gibran; lahir Gibran Khalil Gibran, bahasa Arab: جبران خليل جبران, (6 Januari 1883 – 10 April 1931) adalah seorang seniman, penyair, dan penulis Lebanon Amerika. Ia lahir di Lebanon (saat itu masuk Provinsi Suriah di Khilafah Turki Utsmani) dan menghabiskan sebagian besar masa produktifnya di Amerika Serikat.

Kehidupan awal

Libanon

Kahlil Gibran lahir di Basyari, Libanon dari keluarga katholik-maronit. Bsharri sendiri merupakan daerah yang kerap disinggahi badai, gempa serta petir. Tak heran bila sejak kecil, mata Gibran sudah terbiasa menangkap fenomena-fenomena alam tersebut. Inilah yang nantinya banyak mempengaruhi tulisan-tulisannya tentang alam.

Pada usia 10 tahun, bersama ibu dan kedua adik perempuannya, Gibran pindah ke Boston, Massachusetts, Amerika Serikat. Tak heran bila kemudian Gibran kecil mengalami kejutan budaya, seperti yang banyak dialami oleh para imigran lain yang berhamburan datang ke Amerika Serikat pada akhir abad ke-19. Keceriaan Gibran di bangku sekolah umum di Boston, diisi dengan masa akulturasinya maka bahasa dan gayanya dibentuk oleh corak kehidupan Amerika. Namun, proses Amerikanisasi Gibran hanya berlangsung selama tiga tahun karena setelah itu dia kembali ke Beirut, di mana dia belajar di Madrasah Al-Hikmat sejak tahun 1898 sampai 1901.

Selama awal masa remaja, visinya tentang tanah kelahiran dan masa depannya mulai terbentuk. Kesultanan Usmaniyah yang sudah lemah, sifat munafik organisasi gereja, dan peran kaum wanita Asia Barat yang sekadar sebagai pengabdi, mengilhami cara pandangnya yang kemudian dituangkan ke dalam karya-karyanya yang berbahasa Arab.

Gibran meninggalkan tanah airnya lagi saat ia berusia 19 tahun, namun ingatannya tak pernah bisa lepas dari Lebanon. Lebanon sudah menjadi inspirasinya. Di Boston dia menulis tentang negerinya itu untuk mengekspresikan dirinya. Ini yang kemudian justru memberinya kebebasan untuk menggabungkan 2 pengalaman budayanya yang berbeda menjadi satu.

Gibran menulis drama pertamanya di Paris dari tahun 1901 hingga 1902. Tatkala itu usianya menginjak 20 tahun. Karya pertamanya, "Spirits Rebellious" ditulis di Boston dan diterbitkan di New York City, yang berisi empat cerita kontemporer sebagai sindiran keras yang menyerang orang-orang korup yang dilihatnya. Akibatnya, Gibran menerima hukuman berupa pengucilan dari gereja Maronit. Akan tetapi, sindiran-sindiran Gibran itu tiba-tiba dianggap sebagai harapan dan suara pembebasan bagi kaum tertindas di Asia Barat.

Masa-masa pembentukan diri selama di Paris cerai-berai ketika Gibran menerima kabar dari Konsulat Jendral Turki, bahwa sebuah tragedi telah menghancurkan keluarganya. Adik perempuannya yang paling muda berumur 15 tahun, Sultana, meninggal karena TBC.

Gibran segera kembali ke Boston. Kakaknya, Peter, seorang pelayan toko yang menjadi tumpuan hidup saudara-saudara dan ibunya juga meninggal karena TBC. Ibu yang memuja dan dipujanya, Kamilah, juga telah meninggal dunia karena tumor ganas. Hanya adiknya, Marianna, yang masih tersisa, dan ia dihantui trauma penyakit dan kemiskinan keluarganya. Kematian anggota keluarga yang sangat dicintainya itu terjadi antara bulan Maret dan Juni tahun 1903. Gibran dan adiknya lantas harus menyangga sebuah keluarga yang tidak lengkap ini dan berusaha keras untuk menjaga kelangsungan hidupnya.

Di tahun-tahun awal kehidupan mereka berdua, Marianna membiayai penerbitan karya-karya Gibran dengan biaya yang diperoleh dari hasil menjahit di Miss Teahan's Gowns. Berkat kerja keras adiknya itu, Gibran dapat meneruskan karier keseniman dan kesasteraannya yang masih awal.

Pada tahun 1908 Gibran singgah di Paris lagi. Di sini dia hidup senang karena secara rutin menerima cukup uang dari Mary Haskell, seorang wanita kepala sekolah yang berusia 10 tahun lebih tua namun dikenal memiliki hubungan khusus dengannya sejak masih tinggal di Boston. Dari tahun 1909 sampai 1910, dia belajar di School of Beaux Arts dan Julian Academy. Kembali ke Boston, Gibran mendirikan sebuah studio di West Cedar Street di bagian kota Beacon Hill. Ia juga mengambil alih pembiayaan keluarganya.

Amerika Serikat

Pada tahun 1911 Gibran pindah ke kota New York. Di New York Gibran bekerja di apartemen studionya di 51 West Tenth Street, sebuah bangunan yang sengaja didirikan untuk tempat ia melukis dan menulis.

Sebelum tahun 1912 "Broken Wings" telah diterbitkan dalam Bahasa Arab. Buku ini bercerita tentang cinta Selma Karami kepada seorang muridnya. Namun, Selma terpaksa menjadi tunangan kemenakannya sendiri sebelum akhirnya menikah dengan suami yang merupakan seorang uskup yang oportunis. Karya Gibran ini sering dianggap sebagai otobiografinya.

Pengaruh "Broken Wings" terasa sangat besar di dunia Arab karena di sini untuk pertama kalinya wanita-wanita Arab yang dinomorduakan mempunyai kesempatan untuk berbicara bahwa mereka adalah istri yang memiliki hak untuk memprotes struktur kekuasaan yang diatur dalam perkawinan. Cetakan pertama "Broken Wings" ini dipersembahkan untuk Mary Haskell.

Gibran sangat produktif dan hidupnya mengalami banyak perbedaan pada tahun-tahun berikutnya. Selain menulis dalam bahasa Arab, dia juga terus menyempurnakan penguasaan bahasa Inggrisnya dan mengembangkan kesenimanannya. Ketika terjadi perang besar di Lebanon, Gibran menjadi seorang pengamat dari kalangan nonpemerintah bagi masyarakat Suriah yang tinggal di Amerika.

Ketika Gibran dewasa, pandangannya mengenai dunia Timur meredup. Pierre Loti, seorang novelis Perancis, yang sangat terpikat dengan dunia Timur pernah berkata pada Gibran, kalau hal ini sangat mengenaskan! Disadari atau tidak, Gibran memang telah belajar untuk mengagumi kehebatan Barat.

Karya dan kepengarangan

Sebelum tahun 1918, Gibran sudah siap meluncurkan karya pertamanya dalam bahasa Inggris, "The Madman", "His Parables and Poems". Persahabatan yang erat antara Mary tergambar dalam "The Madman". Setelah "The Madman", buku Gibran yang berbahasa Inggris adalah "Twenty Drawing", 1919; "The Forerunne", 1920; dan "Sang Nabi" pada tahun 1923, karya-karya itu adalah suatu cara agar dirinya memahami dunia sebagai orang dewasa dan sebagai seorang siswa sekolah di Lebanon, ditulis dalam bahasa Arab, namun tidak dipublikasikan dan kemudian dikembangkan lagi untuk ditulis ulang dalam bahasa Inggris pada tahun 1918-1922.

Sebelum terbitnya "Sang Nabi", hubungan dekat antara Mary dan Gibran mulai tidak jelas. Mary dilamar Florance Minis, seorang pengusaha kaya dari Georgia. Ia menawarkan pada Mary sebuah kehidupan mewah dan mendesaknya agar melepaskan tanggung jawab pendidikannya. Walau hubungan Mary dan Gibran pada mulanya diwarnai dengan berbagai pertimbangan dan diskusi mengenai kemungkinan pernikahan mereka, namun pada dasarnya prinsip-prinsip Mary selama ini banyak yang berbeda dengan Gibran. Ketidaksabaran mereka dalam membina hubungan dekat dan penolakan mereka terhadap ikatan perkawinan dengan jelas telah merasuk ke dalam hubungan tersebut. Akhirnya Mary menerima Florance Minis.

Pada tahun 1920 Gibran mendirikan sebuah asosiasi penulis Arab yang dinamakan Arrabithah Al Alamia (Ikatan Penulis). Tujuan ikatan ini merombak kesusastraan Arab yang stagnan. Seiring dengan naiknya reputasi Gibran, ia memiliki banyak pengagum. Salah satunya adalah Barbara Young. Ia mengenal Gibran setelah membaca "Sang Nabi". Barbara Young sendiri merupakan pemilik sebuah toko buku yang sebelumnya menjadi guru bahasa Inggris. Selama 8 tahun tinggal di New York, Barbara Young ikut aktif dalam kegiatan studio Gibran.

Gibran menyelesaikan "Sand and Foam" tahun 1926, dan "Jesus the Son of Man" pada tahun 1928. Ia juga membacakan naskah drama tulisannya, "Lazarus" pada tanggal 6 Januari 1929. Setelah itu Gibran menyelesaikan "The Earth Gods" pada tahun 1931. Karyanya yang lain "The Wanderer", yang selama ini ada di tangan Mary, diterbitkan tanpa nama pada tahun 1932, setelah kematiannya. Juga tulisannya yang lain "The Garden of the Propeth".

Kematian

Pada tanggal 10 April 1931 jam 11.00 malam, Gibran meninggal dunia. Tubuhnya memang telah lama digerogoti sirosis hepatis dan tuberkulosis, tapi selama ini ia menolak untuk dirawat di rumah sakit. Pada pagi hari terakhir itu, dia dibawa ke St. Vincent's Hospital di Greenwich Village.

Hari berikutnya Marianna mengirim telegram ke Mary di Savannah untuk mengabarkan kematian penyair ini. Meskipun harus merawat suaminya yang saat itu juga menderita sakit, Mary tetap menyempatkan diri untuk melayat Gibran.

Jenazah Gibran kemudian dikebumikan tanggal 21 Agustus di Mar Sarkis, sebuah biara Karmelit di mana Gibran pernah melakukan ibadah.

Sepeninggal Gibran, Barbara Younglah yang mengetahui seluk-beluk studio, warisan dan tanah peninggalan Gibran. Juga secarik kertas yang bertuliskan, "Di dalam hatiku masih ada sedikit keinginan untuk membantu dunia Timur, karena ia telah banyak sekali membantuku."

Tuesday, August 11, 2009

Bank Soal Ujian Nasional SD, SMP, SMA, SMK



Cocok buat para rekan-rekan yang memiliki anak yang akan mengikuti ujian nasional. Bank Soal Lengkap: SD, SMP, SMA, SMK cocok juga buat para editor untuk referensi bikin buku. Cocok jug abuat referensi para rekan-rekan yang suka mengajar les.

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3. Biologi
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Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg

Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg (c. 1398 – 3 February, 1468) was a German goldsmith and printer who is credited with being the first European to use movable type printing c. 1439 and the global inventor of the mechanical printing press. His major work, the Gutenberg Bible (also known as the 42-line Bible), has been acclaimed for its high aesthetic and technical quality.

Among the specific contributions to printing that are attributed to Gutenberg are the invention of a process for mass-producing movable type, the use of oil-based ink, and the use of a wooden printing press similar to the screw olive and wine presses of the period. His truly epochal invention was the combination of these elements into a practical system. Gutenberg may have been familiar with printing; it is claimed that he had worked on copper engravings with an artist known as the Master of the Playing Cards. Gutenberg's method for making type is traditionally considered to have included a type metal alloy and a hand mould for casting type.

The use of movable type was a marked improvement on the handwritten manuscript, which was the existing method of book production in Europe, and upon woodblock printing, and revolutionized European book-making. Gutenberg's printing technology spread rapidly throughout Europe and is considered a key factor in the European Renaissance. Gutenberg remains a towering figure in the popular image; in 1999, the A&E Network ranked Gutenberg #1 on their "People of the Millennium" countdown, and in 1997, Time–Life magazine picked Gutenberg's invention as the most important of the second millennium.

Early life

Gutenberg was born in the German city of Mainz, the youngest son of the upper-class merchant Friele Gensfleisch zur Laden, and his second wife Else Wyrich, who was the daughter of a shopkeeper. According to some accounts Friele was a goldsmith for the bishop at Mainz, but most likely he was involved in the cloth trade. Gutenberg's year of birth is not precisely known but was most likely around 1398.

John Lienhard, technology historian, says "Most of Gutenberg's early life is a mystery. ... His father worked with the ecclesiastic mint. Gutenberg grew up knowing the trade of goldsmithing." This is supported by historian Heinrich Wallau, who adds, "In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries his [descendants] claimed an hereditary position as ... the master of the archiepiscopal mint. In this capacity they doubtless acquired considerable knowledge and technical skill in metal working. They supplied the mint with the metal to be coined, changed the various species of coins, and had a seat at the assizes in forgery cases."

Wallau adds, "His surname was derived from the house inhabited by his father and his paternal ancestors 'zu Laden, zu Gutenberg'. The house of Gänsfleisch was one of the patrician families of the town, tracing its lineage back to the thirteenth century." Patricians (aristocrats) in Mainz were often named after houses they owned. Around 1427, the name zu Gutenberg, after the family house in Mainz, is documented to have been used for the first time.

In 1411, there was an uprising in Mainz against the patricians, and more than a hundred families were forced to leave. As a result, the Gutenbergs are thought to have moved to Eltville am Rhein (Alta Villa), where his mother had an inherited estate. According to historian Heinrich Wallau, "All that is known of his youth is that he was not in Mainz in 1430. It is presumed that he migrated for political reasons to Strasburg, where the family probably had connections." He is assumed to have studied at the University of Erfurt, where there is a record of a student, in 1419, named Johannes de Alta villa.

Nothing is now known of Gutenberg's life for the next fifteen years, but in March 1434, a letter by him indicates that he was living in Strasbourg, where he had some relatives on his mother's side. He also appears to have been a goldsmith member enrolled in the Strasbourg militia. In 1437, there is evidence that he was instructing a wealthy tradesman on polishing gems, but where he had acquired this knowledge is unknown. In 1436/37 his name also comes up in court in connection with a broken promise of marriage to a woman from Strasbourg, Ennelin. Whether the marriage actually took place is not recorded. Following his father's death in 1419, he is mentioned in the inheritance proceedings.

Printing press

Around 1439, Gutenberg was involved in a financial misadventure making polished metal mirrors (which were believed to capture holy light from religious relics) for sale to pilgrims to Aachen: in 1439 the city was planning to exhibit its collection of relics from Emperor Charlemagne but the event was delayed by one year and the capital already spent could not be repaid. When the question of satisfying the investors came up, Gutenberg is said to have promised to share a "secret". It has been widely speculated that this secret may have been the idea of printing with movable type. Legend has it that the idea came to him "like a ray of light".

At least up to 1444, he lived in Strasbourg, most likely in the St. Arbogast suburb. It was in Strasbourg in 1440 that Gutenberg perfected and unveiled the secret of printing based on his research, mysteriously entitled Kunst und Aventur (art and enterprise). It is not clear what work he was engaged in, or whether some early trials with printing from movable type may have been conducted there. After this, there is a gap of four years in the record. In 1448, he was back in Mainz, where he took out a loan from his brother-in-law Arnold Gelthus, presumably for a printing press.

By 1450, the press was in operation, and a German poem had been printed, possibly the first item to be printed there. Gutenberg was able to convince the wealthy moneylender Johann Fust for a loan of 800 guilders. Peter Schöffer, who became Fust's son-in-law, also joined the enterprise. Schöffer had worked as a scribe in Paris and designed some of the first typefaces.

Gutenberg's workshop was set up at Hof Humbrecht, a property belonging to a distant relative. It is not clear when Gutenberg conceived the Bible project, but for this he borrowed another 800 guilders from Fust, and work commenced in 1452. At the same time, the press was also printing other, more lucrative texts (possibly Latin grammars). There is also some speculation that there may have been two presses, one for the pedestrian texts, and one for the Bible. One of the profit-making enterprises of the new press was the printing of thousands of indulgences for the church, documented from 1454–55.

In 1455 Gutenberg published his 42-line Bible, commonly known as the Gutenberg Bible. About 180 were printed, most on paper and some on vellum.